http://Kughan.tigblog.org/ What's on the minds of young leaders from around the globe? en-us http://Kughan.tigblog.org/post/663115


]]> Mon, 11 May 2009 09:35:00 EDT http://Kughan.tigblog.org/post/663115 http://Kughan.tigblog.org/post/662469 Several body parts, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus, make up the digestive (gastrointestinal) tract. The digestive process begins when food enters the mouth.
When a person begins chewing food, digestive enzymes in the saliva break down the food before it is swallowed.
The esophagus is a muscular tube that carries food and liquids from the mouth to the stomach. The stomach contains harsh enzymes that break down food so it can be absorbed by the body.
Food then enters the small intestine, which contains three parts: the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Most of digestion occurs in the small intestine because it is responsible for absorbing nutrients from food.
The remaining food then enters the colon, which also has three parts: the cecum, colon, and rectum. The large intestine absorbs any remaining water from indigestible food matter and eliminates the unusable food matter, or waste, from the body. The anus is the external opening of the rectum. It allows waste (feces) to be excreted from the body.
There are many different types of gastrointestinal disorders. Some gastrointestinal disorders affect multiple parts of the digestive tract, while others only affect the esophagus, abdomen/stomach, intestines, or anus/rectum. The severity of gastrointestinal disorders varies significantly, depending on the specific type of the disease. Some disorders, such as indigestion, are mild while others, such as Crohn's disease, are lifelong.
Patients should not take laxatives more frequently than the packaging label suggests. If symptoms persist, patients should consult their healthcare providers to diagnose and properly treat the underlying cause.
Patients who have a history of indigestion should eat smaller, more frequent meals to help prevent symptoms. Limiting spicy, fried, or fatty foods may also reduce the risk of indigestion.
Patients should not consume excessive amounts of alcohol because it irritates the stomach. Abusing alcohol may cause inflammation or bleeding in the stomach.
Patients are encouraged not to smoke because smoking damages the protective lining of the stomach. Smoking increases an individual's risk of developing gastritis and ulcers. In addition, smoking increases the amount of stomach acid and delays healing, which increases a patient's risk of developing stomach cancer.
Patients should limit their use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), such as ibuprofen (Motrin® or Advil®) because they may cause stomach inflammation and bleeding, as well as ulcers.
Patients should properly wash all produce thoroughly before eating to reduce the risk of developing gastrointestinal infections.
Individuals who are in areas of the world that have poor sanitation should only drink bottled water to avoid the risk of gastrointestinal infections. If this is not possible, individuals should boil their water before drinking it. This kills any disease-causing bacteria or parasites that may be living in the water.
Patients should only consume dairy products that have been pasteurized. This reduces the risk of developing a gastrointestinal infection that may cause diarrhea.
Individuals should avoid or limit their intake of the artificial sweeteners sorbitol and mannitol because they may cause diarrhea. These artificial sweeteners are commonly found in sugar-free products and chewing gum.
Patients with gastrointestinal disorders should take their medications exactly as prescribed in order to prevent complications from occurring]]> Sun, 10 May 2009 16:46:00 EDT http://Kughan.tigblog.org/post/662469 http://Kughan.tigblog.org/post/643583 Sun, 19 Apr 2009 06:21:00 EDT http://Kughan.tigblog.org/post/643583 http://Kughan.tigblog.org/post/643581
FOR RELEASE March 23, 2009

More than 300 of the world's top physicians have called on US President Barack Obama and Russian President Dmitri Medvedev to "end the nuclear weapons era once and for all."

The letter, signed by senior faculty and deans of medical schools, heads of medical associations, health ministers, medical journal editors, and Nobel laureates from 39 countries, was delivered to Presidents Obama and Medvedev today by International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War (IPPNW), its US affiliate, Physicians for Social Responsibility, and Russian Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War.

Dr. Ira Helfand, a US physician who was a principal organizer of the campaign, said that the 25,000 nuclear weapons in the world's arsenals are "the most urgent and immediate threat to the health and survival of humankind. And, unlike the other major health threats of our time-climate change, poverty, AIDS and other epidemic diseases-this one can be eradicated with nothing more than a firm decision to do so."

Noting that a world without nuclear weapons is now championed by experts and diplomats across the political spectrum, the physicians called on the US and Russian presidents to lead the world by starting negotiations on a worldwide agreement "that will abolish all nuclear weapons."


Presidents Obama and Medvedev will meet for the first time in London on April 1, on the eve of the G-20 summit. Nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation measures, including proposals for substantial reductions in US and Russian nuclear arsenals, are expected to be high on their agenda.

In making the letter public today, IPPNW urged the leaders to put recent strains in US-Russian relations aside and to make the most of "what may be the best and last opportunity we have to rid the world of the only weapons capable of destroying all humanity."

"A thousand years from now," the signatories to the letter told Presidents Obama and Medvedev, "no one will remember most of what you will do over the next few years; but no one will ever forget the leaders who abolished the threat of nuclear war."

]]> Sun, 19 Apr 2009 06:16:00 EDT http://Kughan.tigblog.org/post/643581 http://Kughan.tigblog.org/post/603149 This congress had been a golden opportunity for me to present the research work of our academy in front of several medical professionals, junior doctors and medical students. It was my third successive presentation after the presentations that I did in Amsterdam and Moscow. I did an oral presentation related to the field of neurophysiology entitled “Inhibitory Process in the Central Nervous System”. I did this experiment in the Department of Normal Physiology under the guidance and observation of head of this department, Prof.Mukhina Irina Vasylievna and we made several important conclusions. I was allocated 5 minutes to deliver my presentation and 2 minutes for “Question and Answer” section. Besides, my presentation was judged by two of the leading neurologists in Egypt; Prof. Dr. Ahmad Gaber and Prof. Dr.Tarek Asaad. They commented that in general, my presentation was interesting and had a great medical importance. However, they stressed that it would be a better presentation if I could improve my presentation skills.
Here are some words about this research. Inhibition is an independent process which is caused by excitation and revealed in depression of other excitation. Inhibition plays important roles in the CNS as it defends all neurons and corresponds all organs and systems against excessive excitation and exhausation, limits irradiation of excitation all over CNS and takes part in the coordination of reflexes and functions. The attainment of the knowledge of the inhibitory process provides the basis for understanding certain psychological problems, disorders in the sensory tract and usage of anesthetics and other drugs such strychnine, bicuculine and pycrotoxine. This research is based on the phenomenon of the central inhibition which was found by the Russian ‘Father of Physiology’ Ivan Sechenov in 1862. In his experiment, a frog brain was incised at the level of the thalamus and cerebral hemispheres were removed. Then, the spinal reflex time was measured. He found out that application of a crystal of salt on the section of the thalamus prolonged the reflex time. He concluded that there were nerve centers in the thalamic region of the frog brain producing an inhibitory influence on spinal reflexes.
Furthermore, several social programmes and outings were organized. As we know, Cairo is the cradle of civilization, beacon of religion and the glorious capital of Egypt. The participants and I visited the Pyramids of Giza and Sphinx, Egyptian Museum and the Citadel of Saladin. We had a dinner in the Nile Cruise and went for a walk in bazaars. These social programmes were an opportunity for me to foster friendship and discuss medical related topics with different medical students from different countries such as the US, Saudi Arabia, Spain, Bosnia, Serbia, UAE and etc. Moreover, I managed to taste some mouthwatering, local delicacies and watch amazing cultural performances. I felt that it was really worth visiting Cairo.
In conclusion, I have attained some fundamental knowledge on medical related topics and gained valuable experience and friendship through this conference. It was an ideal, lifetime experience that I would forever cherish. I hope to improve on my presentation skills and represent Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy in upcoming medical conferences and competitions. Special thanks to my teachers(especially to Prof.Mukhina Irina Vasylievna), parents and friends who have guided and encouraged me to do my research work. Thank you.
]]> Sun, 01 Mar 2009 05:57:00 EST http://Kughan.tigblog.org/post/603149 http://Kughan.tigblog.org/post/643585
In 1980, in the face of a harrowing nuclear arms-race, two physicians from two very different parts of the world, Dr. Bernard Lown from the US and Dr. Evgeni Chazov from the USSR, got together and decided that the threat of a Nuclear War was too great for this world and that it was the responsibility of physicians to highlight this threat. Together, they founded IPPNW.

Today, IPPNW has broadened its mission and seeks to prevent all wars, to promote non-violent conflict resolution, and to minimize the effects of war and preparations for war on health, development, and the environment.

IPPNW works for:

the abolition of all nuclear weapons
the demilitarization of the global economy and an end to the arms trade
the re-allocation of resources from military to civilian needs, especially to basic health care and human necessities
Sustainable and ecologically sound economic development
IPPNW is the only international medical organization dedicated to the abolition of nuclear weapons. Our principal program areas beyond the core mission of nuclear abolition include projects to end the threats posed by landmines, small arms and light weapons, chemical and biological weapons, and the burden of debt on developing nations.

We are the student movement of this organisation - the Medical Students for Peace and Social Responsibility.

Worldwide, IPPNW-Affiliates and Student Chapters are working to advance these goals with diverse and imaginative programs.

If you wish to know more about IPPNW, browse the website: www.ippnw.org
If you wish to involve in student movement, browse: www.ippnw-students.org

]]> Sun, 22 Feb 2009 06:25:00 EST http://Kughan.tigblog.org/post/643585 http://Kughan.tigblog.org/post/503277
However, meaningful long-term alleviation to hunger is rooted in the alleviation of poverty, as poverty leads to hunger. World hunger is a terrible symptom of world poverty. If efforts are only directed at providing food, or improving food production or distribution, then the structural root causes that create hunger, poverty and dependency would still remain. And so while continuous effort, resources and energies are deployed to relieve hunger through these technical measures, the political causes require political solutions as well.

There are many inter-related issues causing hunger, which are related to economics and other factors that cause poverty. They include land rights and ownership, diversion of land use to non-productive use, increasing emphasis on export-oriented agriculture, inefficient agricultural practices, war, famine, drought, over-fishing, poor crop yields, etc. This section introduces some of these issues.

Solving world hunger in the conventional sense (of providing/growing more food etc) will not tackle poverty that leads to hunger in the first place. Further, there is a risk of continuing the poverty and dependency without realizing it, because the act of attempting to provide more food etc can appear so altruistic in motive. To solve world hunger in the long run, poverty alleviation is required.

]]> Tue, 14 Oct 2008 16:58:00 EDT http://Kughan.tigblog.org/post/503277 http://Kughan.tigblog.org/post/500393
Poverty is explained by individual circumstances and/or characterstics of poor people. Some examples are:
amount of education, skill, experience, intelligence.
health, handicaps, age.
work orientation, time horizon, culture of poverty.
discrimination, together with race, sex, etc.

B. Aggregate
There are two types of aggregate poverty theory: case and generic. There is no agreement on which is the correct explanation of most poverty.

1. Case. Add up all poverty explained by individual theories, and that is equal to total or aggregate poverty. In other words, according to case theories of poverty, individual and aggregate explanations are really the same. According to these theories, aggregate poverty is just the sum of individual poverty.

2. Generic. Poverty is explained by general, economy-wide problems, such as

inadequate non-poverty employment opportunities
inadequate overall demand (macro problems, macro policy)
low national income (Less Developed Country)
If generic theories are correct, poverty is caused by one set of forces (general, economy-wide problems) but distributed according to individual theories.

]]> Sat, 11 Oct 2008 12:46:00 EDT http://Kughan.tigblog.org/post/500393 http://Kughan.tigblog.org/post/477285 Human loiasis is confined to the rain forest and swamp forest areas of West Africa. It is especially common in Cameroon and on the Ogowe river.

Life Cycle:
Loiasis is caused by the filarial nematode Loa loa which is transmitted to humans by day-biting Chrysops flies. Once inside the body the infective larvae develop slowly into a mature adult (the process takes about a year). During this period it lives and moves around the fascial layers of the skin. In periods of growth and development Loa loa often makes frequent excursions through the subdermal connective tissues where it is often noticed by the host. Once they reach maturity (measuring 3-3.4 cm x 0.35-0.43 mm for males and 5.7 x 0.5 mm for females) the adults mate and produce sheathed microfilariae 298 x 7.5 micrometers in size. The microfilariae closely resemble the microfilariae of W. bancrofti however in stained films they assume a stiff angular attitude. The cuticle sheath also does not stain with Giemsa. The microfilariae are diurnally periodic in synchrony with their vector and once they reinfect a fly they undergo two stages of growth into infective larvae (in about 10 days time) which can then be transmitted back to humans.

Pathology:
Most of the pathological problems observed in people infected with Loa loa are connected to periods when the migrating adult worms appear near the surface of the skin. The worms often appear around the eye where they can be easily seen and extracted before they damage the conjunctiva. Immune reactions to the migrating worms can also cause calabar swellings in the arms and legs. Recurrent swelling can lead to the formation of cyst like enlargements of the connective tissues around the tendon sheaths. These swellings can be extremely painful when moved. Dying worms can also cause chronic abscesses followed by granulomatous reactions and fibrosis.

Labaratory Diagnosis:
Identification of microfilariae by microscopic examination is the most practical diagnostic procedure. Examination of blood samples will allow identification of microfilariae of Loa loa. It is important to time the blood collection with the known periodicity of the microfilariae. The blood sample can be a thick smear, stained with Giemsa or hematoxylin and eosin (see staining (biology)). For increased sensitivity, concentration techniques can be used. These include centrifugation of the blood sample lyzed in 2% formalin (Knott's technique), or filtration through a Nucleopore membrane.

Antigen detection using an immunoassay for circulating filarial antigens constitutes a useful diagnostic approach, because microfilaremia can be low and variable. Identification of adult worms is possible from tissue samples collected during subcutaneous biopsies or worm removal from the eye. Antibody detection is of limited value. Substantial antigenic cross reactivity exists between filaria and other helminths, and a positive serologic test does not distinguish between past and current infection.










]]> Sat, 13 Sep 2008 13:45:00 EDT http://Kughan.tigblog.org/post/477285 http://Kughan.tigblog.org/post/477277
]]> Sat, 13 Sep 2008 13:38:00 EDT http://Kughan.tigblog.org/post/477277 http://Kughan.tigblog.org/post/477275
Racism has also been used to justify exploitation, even using “pseudo-science”:

In “the century of total war”, and the new millenium, Europe is seeing an alarming resurgence in xenophobia and racial hatred.

A short review from the Inter Press Service highlights the rise of neo-Nazism in 2000 in Europe and suggests that “far from being a fringe activity, racism, violence and neo-nationalism have become normal in some communities. The problems need to tackled much earlier, in schools and with social programmes.”

Ethnic minorities and different cultures in one country can often be used as a scapegoat for the majority during times of economic crisis. That is one reason why Nazism became so popular.

In France, May 2002, the success of far right politician Le Pen in the run for leadership (though he lost out in the end) sent a huge shockwave throughout Europe, about how easy it was for far right parties to come close to getting power if there is complacency in the democratic processes and if participation is reduced.

In various places throughout Western Europe, in 2002, as Amnesty International highlights, there has been a rise in racist attacks and sentiments against both Arabs and Jews, in light of the increasing hostilities in the Middle East.

Earlier in 1998, in an area of Germany a right wing racist party won an unprecedented number of votes.

In Austria, the Freedom Party was able to secure the majority of the cabinet posts. The party is an extreme far right party, whose leader, Jorg Heider, has been accused of sympathetic statements towards the Nazis. The European Union has reacted to this indicating that Austria’s participation may be in jeopardy. This Guardian Special Report has much more in-depth coverage.

In Italy, there are attempts to try and deal with the rise in undocumented immigrants from Tunisia. The reactions from the right wing have been labeled by some as being “openly racist”.

In 1997, Human Rights Watch noted that, “The U.K. has one of the highest levels of racially-motivated violence and harassment in Western Europe, and the problem is getting worse.” In April 1999, London saw two bombs explode in predominantly ethnic minority areas, in the space of one week, where a Nazi group has claimed responsibility. The summer of 2001 saw many race-related riots in various parts of northern England.

Spain has seen increased racial violence lately. The growing economy invites immigrants from North African countries such as Morocco. However, the poor conditions that immigrants have had to endure and the already racially charged region has led to friction and confrontations.

Greece has one of the worst records in the European Union for racism against ethnic minorities, according to the BBC. Anti-immigrant sentiment has long been high, especially against ethnic Albanians, who form the largest minority. Until the 1990s, the BBC notes, Greece had been an extremely homogenous society. With the fall of communism many immigrants from Eastern Europe came to Greece. Albanians especially have been targetted by a lot of racist sentiment. Some hostage taking by a few Albanians in recent years has not helped the situation.

So far, the above represents an incredibly tiny number of examples and details. Many, many more events haven’t been mentioned, as it is admittedly difficult to keep up with all the different items. For more details and up-to-date information, one web site to check out the UK-based Institute of Race Relations and their subsection attemping to document the rising support for the extreme-Right in local and central government in Europe, building on a platform of populist anti-immigrant policies.

]]> Sat, 13 Sep 2008 13:32:00 EDT http://Kughan.tigblog.org/post/477275 http://Kughan.tigblog.org/post/477273
With effect from 1 January 2008 Cambridge ESOL and the British Council will be introducing new arrangements for entering and taking Cambridge ESOL examinations in Russia. It will no longer be possible to enter for the examinations through the British Council, but entries will be made through a number of Cambridge ESOL examination centres in Moscow and in other cities in Russia. The criteria for selecting the new examination centres will cover the following areas:

Experience of being an examination centre for international examinations.
Experience of training and entering substantial numbers of candidates for such examinations.
The necessary resources to provide a high level of service to candidates before, during and after the examinations and to meet Cambridge ESOL’s quality and security standards.


We are pleased to announce that from 1 January 2008, it will be possible to take Cambridge ESOL exams through a number of examination centres in Russia. Please click on the link for full information.
Customers wishing to sit Cambridge ESOL exams in 2008 should contact the relevant centre for more information.

Despite the changes, Cambridge ESOL and the British Council are committed to supporting language learning and teaching in Russia through the provision of high-quality international examinations. These will continue to be offered in Russia in both the short term and the long term.

]]> Sat, 13 Sep 2008 13:28:00 EDT http://Kughan.tigblog.org/post/477273 http://Kughan.tigblog.org/post/471929 To cheer the adverse hour;
Who ne’er to flatter will descend,
Nor bend the knee to power;
A friend to chide me when I’m wrong,
My inmost soul to see;
And that my friendship prove strong
To her as hers to me.
]]> Sat, 06 Sep 2008 03:54:00 EDT http://Kughan.tigblog.org/post/471929 http://Kughan.tigblog.org/post/467515
Behind the increasing interconnectedness promised by globalization are global decisions, policies, and practices. These are typically influenced, driven, or formulated by the rich and powerful. These can be leaders of rich countries or other global actors such as multinational corporations, institutions, and influential people.

In the face of such enormous external influence, the governments of poor nations and their people are often powerless. As a result, in the global context, a few get wealthy while the majority struggle.

]]> Sun, 31 Aug 2008 06:38:00 EDT http://Kughan.tigblog.org/post/467515 http://Kughan.tigblog.org/post/467491
The Hindu people are intense about their religion, and take some extraordinary measures to display their devotion. A good example is the Thaipusam festival. Thaipusam (Tamil: தைப்பூசம்) (or Thai Poosam Kavady) is a Hindu festival celebrated mostly by the Tamil community on the full moon in the Tamil month of Thai (Jan/Feb). Pusam refers to a star that is at its highest point during the festival. The festival commemorates both the birthday of Lord Murugan (also Subramaniam), the youngest son of Shiva and Parvati, and the occasion when Parvati gave Murugan a vel (lance) so he could vanquish the evil demon Soorapadman.

Thaipusam is a festival from Tamil Nadu associated with penance and atonement. Lord Subramanya is the universal granter of wishes. All those who wish to ask for a future favor, fulfill a vow in return for a granted favor, or to repent for past sins participate in this festival (basically, all Hindus fall in one of these groups). Devotees walk long distances, carrying offerings, to reach the temple of the Lord. Many devotees raise the stakes by entering a trance, and piercing their bodies with skewers.

To the uninitiated Thaipusam is a stunning, totally unexpected assault on the senses. Hair-raising sights of human bodies covered in hooks, which anchor huge Kavadis (ritualistic yokes) balanced on heads and cheeks pierced with small spears, wooden tongues and arrows. The most elaborate Kavadis can weigh as much as 80 pounds, a platform ornately decorated with peacock feathers, Christmas decorations, even plastic dolls!
]]> Sun, 31 Aug 2008 06:13:00 EDT http://Kughan.tigblog.org/post/467491 http://Kughan.tigblog.org/post/467489 During this week people cook pancakes served with honey, caviar, fresh cream and butter. It means that many different foods, including butter, will be eaten before the time when Lent comes.

Pancake week is divided into three parts, the meeting of Maslyanitsa on Monday, the high point of the celebration, on Thursday, and the last day, the good-bye day, which comes on Sunday morning.

People wear funny masks and costumes. There is a festival with good food. People used to burn a big man of straw or a dummy as a way of saying goodbye to the winter.

They sang songs and danced around the dummy or man, and at the end of the festival they used to burn it. The larger and hotter the bon-fire appeared, the longer and warmer the coming summer was supposed to be.

The traditional dish is a big round hot pan-cake, with butter which in Russian means maslo hence the name of the day. Pancakes symbolize the sun. The more butter or honey, caviar, other delicious things, which was put on the pancake, the hotter the sun was expected to be in the coming summer.

Nowadays, it is celebrated at the end of February, as a merry festival with dances, songs, national costumes, attractions for children, hot tea and pancakes served outdoors.

This day stems from the Pagan tradition of making blini pancakes to honor the coming of spring, blini represents the sun. Each spring, there are festivals in the major cities and towns to celebrate the end of winter.


]]> Sun, 31 Aug 2008 06:08:00 EDT http://Kughan.tigblog.org/post/467489 http://Kughan.tigblog.org/post/463075
The featured country member for this month is Peace2Peace. She lives in Moscow City, Russia. She writes a number of blogs that contains important informations about events that are happening worldwide. So, check her profile for more information: http//profiles.takingitglobal.org/Peace2Peace.

For the month of August, I would like to introduce everyone to the programme known as AIFS Abroad and Fulbright Programme. Let me start with AIFS Abroad. Founded in 1964, the American Institute For Foreign Study (AIFS) has more than 40 years of experience in organizing study abroad programs. We have helped more than one million participants realize their dream of international education and cultural exchange. AIFS provides study abroad programs in 16 countries: Argentina, Australia, Austria, Costa Rica, China, Czech Republic, England, France, Germany, India, Ireland, Italy, Peru, Russia, South Africa and Spain. So, through this programme, you have the opportunity to study abroad in the beautiful “Eye of Europe”, St. Petersburg. Study art history, history, political science, sociology, Russian language and more during a summer, semester or year abroad with AIFS in St. Petersburg, Russia. By including your tuition, housing, meals, airfare and cultural activities in one guaranteed price, AIFS makes it simple for you to live and study in St. Petersburg and experience all that this “Venice of the North” has to offer. Scholarships and grants are available. Try to book it early for spring 2009. For more information, check: www.aifsabroad.com.

Now let’s come to Fulbright Programme: Fulbright Programme is a kind of exchange programme that enables us to gain experience in the US. Your experience in the USA will not be limited to the classroom, laboratories, studios, and archives of your host institution. You will have many chances to participate in the cultural and social activities of your new colleagues, to see their country first-hand, and to enlarge your host community's understanding of your own country. Everyone gains! So, check out for the English and Russian version at: www.fulbright.ru.

That’s all for this month. I hope to know more people from Russia and other countries so that it would be easier for me to expand my network and obtain more information about events that are happening worldwide. As a Community Connector for Russia, I hope that I could successfully complete the responsibilities given to me. See you in next newsletter, thank you.
]]> Mon, 25 Aug 2008 18:05:00 EDT http://Kughan.tigblog.org/post/463075 http://Kughan.tigblog.org/post/458549
This medical school is currently ranked number 7 out of 46 higher medical institutions in Russia, acknowledged by World Health Organization and is recognized by the governments of some other countries which send their students to this academy for medical education and training.

This academy also is associated with many teaching hospitals distributed throughout the city, where the students learn many basic clinical skills.

The administrative office of the academy is situated in Minin and Pozharsky Square (located alongside the Volga River and the medical students live in dormitories on Meditsinskaya Street in Prioksky City District.

Besides Russian students, there are also students from foreign countries such as Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Maldives, Mauritius, Kenya, Tanzania, Jordan, Pakistan and many others who study in this academy. Some of the foreign students study medicine completely in English medium, and some others study in Russian language. The current Dean of the Foreign Students Department is Elena Ivanovna Erlikina, who is also the Head of the Department for Biochemistry.

However, students who study in English medium also have to study Russian language to be able to communicate with local Russian people who have very little knowledge of English, and thus being able to communicate with patients for basic clinical training.

Most students have to undergo one year of preliminary course for one year, before continuing their undergraduate studies. Among undergraduate programs are General Medicine, Stomatology, Pediatrics, Pharmacy, and Preventive Medicine. General Medicine program lasts after 6 years, while the others are 5 years.

The first academic year of the General Medicine course begins with the teaching of fundamental medical sciences such as Medical Biology, Biophysics, General Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, History of Medicine, Human Anatomy, and so on. Because of the aforementioned, the course runs in a longer duration (a 6 year programme) as compared to General Medicine courses (5 year programmes) offered by other universities in other countries.

Clinical education starts officially on the third academic year with the so-called "cycles". Every few weeks, students are rotated and exposed to different parts of clinical medicine such as Internal Medicine, General Surgery, and so on. Classes are then conducted in different specialised hospitals within the Nizhny Novgorod region.

Postgraduate courses are also provided for both Russian and international students. Among the courses are Internal Medicine, Pediatrics, Radiology, General Surgery, Traumatology and Orthopedics, Cardiovascular Surgery, Infectious Diseases, Neurology, Pediatric Surgery, Obstetric and Gynaecology, Epidemiology, Hygiene, Microbiology, etc.

]]> Tue, 19 Aug 2008 16:43:00 EDT http://Kughan.tigblog.org/post/458549 http://Kughan.tigblog.org/post/458533 Why would the Fulbright Program be interested in inviting you to consider studying, teaching, or researching at an institution in the USA?
For the same reason we are interested in placing American scientists, scholars, language teachers, and artists in Russian institutions: both countries benefit! And with similar exchanges between the USA and over 140 other countries, the whole world benefits.
If you are awarded a Fulbright grant, you will raise your own qualifications and widen your personal perspectives.
But more than that:
We know from over fifty years of experience that you will also help internationalize the perspectives of your home institution and community. You are likely to incorporate what you learned overseas into your courses and curricula, and into your creative work. Chances are good that you will keep your new professional and social contacts for many years. And you will be in a strong position to continue researching topics and questions relating to your host country.
Your experience in the USA will not be limited to the classroom, laboratories, studios, and archives of your host institution. You will have many chances to participate in the cultural and social activities of your new colleagues, to see their country first-hand, and to enlarge your host community's understanding of your own country. Everyone gains!
By sponsoring and supporting the Fulbright program of worldwide academic, scientific, and cultural exchanges, the State Department of the United States helps fulfill the dream of the program's founder, Senator J. William Fulbright: The Fulbright Program aims to bring a little more knowledge, a little more reason, and a little more compassion into world affairs and thereby to increase the chance that nations will learn at last to live in peace and friendship.

]]> Tue, 19 Aug 2008 16:16:00 EDT http://Kughan.tigblog.org/post/458533 http://Kughan.tigblog.org/post/454277
What is love? Love is knowing deep down that if I help another, I am only helping myself. Conversely, if I harm another, I am only injuring myself. When we realise that we can live together in harmony if we love one another and see positive points of others, then we are laying the foundation for a strong loving society. Often, we exaggerate the defects of others and highlight our good points. We should in fact appreciate the virtues of others and praise them. No one is perfect. However many defects a person may have, he would still have at least one virtue and we should learn to see it. Our attitudes cannot change overnight but with the right awareness and a concerted effort, it is possible. It is the basic of a peaceful, loving society.

Love is a gift that is free from anticipation. There are no special conditions. The deepest level is a selfless desire for others’ happiness. I infuse this warmth into everything I do. I listen with my heart and to the heart. I let everyone know of loveliness I see.
]]> Wed, 13 Aug 2008 12:56:00 EDT http://Kughan.tigblog.org/post/454277 http://Kughan.tigblog.org/post/454273 Wed, 13 Aug 2008 12:33:00 EDT http://Kughan.tigblog.org/post/454273 http://Kughan.tigblog.org/post/450055 -Develop the capacity of youth as stakeholders and decision-makers in their global and local communities.
-Foster cross-cultural dialogue and understanding.
-Increase both action and awareness among youth around global issue.

So, I hope that I would benefit during my internship period and to get full cooperation from everyone.

Thank you. ]]> Wed, 06 Aug 2008 14:43:00 EDT http://Kughan.tigblog.org/post/450055